Umkhumbi we-pressure yisitsha esiklanyelwe ukubamba amagesi noma uketshezi ngengcindezi ehluke kakhulu kumfutho we-ambient. Le mikhumbi isetshenziswa ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, ezihlanganisa uwoyela negesi, ukucubungula amakhemikhali, ukukhiqiza amandla kanye nokukhiqiza. Imikhumbi yokucindezela kufanele yenziwe futhi yakhiwe kucatshangelwa ukuphepha ngenxa yezingozi ezingaba khona ezihlobene noketshezi olunomfutho ophezulu.
Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zemikhumbi Yokucindezela:
1. Izitsha Zokugcina:
o Isetshenziselwa ukugcina uketshezi noma amagesi ngaphansi kwengcindezi.
o Izibonelo: amathangi e-LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), amathangi okugcina igesi yemvelo.
2. Izishintshi Zokushisa:
o Le mikhumbi isetshenziselwa ukudlulisa ukushisa phakathi koketshezi olubili, ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwengcindezi.
o Izibonelo: Izigubhu zamabhoyili, izikhondezeli, noma imibhoshongo yokupholisa.
3. Ama-reactors:
o Idizayinelwe ukusabela kwamakhemikhali anengcindezi ephezulu.
o Izibonelo: Ama-autoclaves embonini yamakhemikhali noma yemithi.
4. Izamukeli Zomoya/Amathangi e-Compressor:
o Le mikhumbi yokucindezela igcina umoya ocindezelweyo noma amagesi ezinhlelweni ze-compressor zomoya, njengoba kuxoxiwe ngaphambili.
5. Amabhoyili:
o Uhlobo lomkhumbi wokucindezela osetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni isitimu ukufudumeza noma ukukhiqiza amandla.
o Amabhola anamanzi kanye nesimusi ngaphansi kwengcindezi.
Izingxenye Zomkhumbi Wokucindezela:
• Igobolondo: Umzimba wangaphandle womkhumbi ocindezelayo. Ngokuvamile i-cylindrical noma i-spherical futhi kufanele yakhiwe ukuze imelane nokucindezela kwangaphakathi.
• Amakhanda (End Caps): Lezi izingxenye ezingaphezulu neziphansi zomkhumbi ocindezelayo. Ngokuvamile ziminyene kunegobolondo ukuze isingathe ingcindezi yangaphakathi ngempumelelo.
• Imibhobho namachweba: Lokhu kuvumela uketshezi noma igesi ukuthi ingene futhi iphume emkhunjini wokucindezela futhi ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukuxhuma kwezinye izinhlelo.
• Indlela Yokungena noma Ukuvula: Indawo enkulu evumela ukufinyelela ekuhlanzweni, ekuhlolweni, noma ekulungisweni.
• Amavalvu Okuphepha: Lawa abalulekile ukuvimbela umkhumbi ukuba weqe imingcele yawo yokucindezela ngokudedela ingcindezi uma kunesidingo.
• Izisekelo nama-Mount: Izakhi zesakhiwo ezihlinzeka ngokusekela nokuzinzisa umkhumbi wengcindezi ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.
Ukucatshangelwa kwe-Pressure Vessel Design:
• Ukukhethwa Kwempahla: Imikhumbi yokucindezela kufanele yenziwe ngezinto ezikwazi ukumelana nokucindezela kwangaphakathi nendawo yangaphandle. Izinto ezijwayelekile zifaka i-carbon steel, insimbi engagqwali, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izinsimbi ze-alloy noma izinhlanganisela zezindawo ezigqwala kakhulu.
• Ukuqina Kwezindonga: Ukuqina kwezindonga zomkhumbi wokucindezela kuncike ekucindezelweni kwangaphakathi kanye nezinto ezisetshenzisiwe. Izindonga eziwugqinsi ziyadingeka ukuze kube nengcindezi ephakeme.
• Ukuhlaziywa Kwengcindezi: Imikhumbi yokucindezela ingaphansi kwamandla ahlukahlukene kanye nezingcindezi (isb., ukucindezela kwangaphakathi, izinga lokushisa, ukudlidliza). Amasu okuhlaziya ukucindezeleka okuthuthukile (njengokuhlaziywa kwesici esilinganiselwe noma i-FEA) avame ukusetshenziswa esigabeni sokuklama.
• Ukumelana Nokushisa: Ngaphezu kokucindezela, imikhumbi ivame ukusebenza ezindaweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu noma eziphansi, ngakho-ke impahla kufanele ikwazi ukumelana nokucindezeleka okushisayo nokugqwala.
• Ukuthobela Ikhodi: Imikhumbi yokucindezela kuvame ukudingeka ukuthi ihambisane namakhodi athile, afana nalawa:
o I-ASME (i-American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Ikhodi Yokubhoyela Nomshini Wokucindezela (BPVC)
o PED (Pressure Equipment Directive) eYurophu
o Amazinga e-API (American Petroleum Institute) okusetshenziswa kukawoyela negesi
Izinto Ezivamile Zemikhumbi Yokucindezela:
• Insimbi Yekhabhoni: Ivamise ukusetshenziselwa imikhumbi egcina izinto ezingagqwali ngaphansi kwengcindezi emaphakathi.
• Insimbi Engagqwali: Isetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibolayo noma ezinezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Insimbi engagqwali nayo imelana nokugqwala futhi ihlala isikhathi eside kune-carbon steel.
• I-alloy Steels: Isetshenziswa ezindaweni ezithile ezinengcindezi ephezulu noma izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, njengezimboni ze-aerospace noma ezikhiqiza amandla kagesi.
• Izinto Ezihlanganisiwe: Izinto ezihlanganisiwe ezithuthukisiwe ngezinye izikhathi zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile (isb., imikhumbi engasindi kanye nenamandla aphezulu).
Ukusetshenziswa Kwemikhumbi Yokucindezela:
1. Imboni kawoyela negesi:
o Amathangi okugcina i-liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), igesi yemvelo, noma uwoyela, ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu.
o Imikhumbi yokuhlukanisa ezindaweni zokuhluza ukuze ihlukanise uwoyela, amanzi, negesi ngaphansi kwengcindezi.
2. Ukucubungula Amakhemikhali:
o Isetshenziswa kuma-reactors, amakholomu e-distillation, kanye nokugcinwa kokusabela kwamakhemikhali nezinqubo ezidinga indawo yengcindezi ethile.
3. Ukukhiqiza Amandla:
o Amabhola, izigubhu zesitimu, nama-reactors anomfutho asetshenziswa ekuphehleni ugesi, okuhlanganisa nezitshalo zenuzi nezimbiwa phansi.
4. Ukudla Nesiphuzo:
o Imikhumbi yokucindezela esetshenziswa ukucubungula, ukuvala inzalo, kanye nokugcinwa kwemikhiqizo yokudla.
5. Imboni Yezemithi:
o Ama-autoclave nama-reactor afaka inzalo yokucindezela okukhulu noma ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali.
6. I-Aerospace kanye ne-Cryogenics:
o Amathangi e-Cryogenic agcina amagesi aluketshezi emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu ngaphansi kwengcindezi.
Amakhodi Omkhumbi Wokucindezela kanye Namazinga:
1. Ikhodi ye-ASME Boiler ne-Pressure Vessel (BPVC): Le khodi inikeza imihlahlandlela yokuklama, ukukhiqizwa, nokuhlolwa kwemikhumbi yokucindezela e-US.
2. I-ASME Isigaba VIII: Ihlinzeka ngezidingo ezithile zokuklama nokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi yomfutho.
3. I-PED (I-Pressure Equipment Directive): Isiqondiso se-European Union esibeka izindinganiso zemishini yokucindezela esetshenziswa emazweni ase-Europe.
4. Amazinga e-API: Embonini kawoyela negesi, i-American Petroleum Institute (API) inikeza izindinganiso ezithile zemikhumbi yokucindezela.
Isiphetho:
Imikhumbi yokucindezela iyingxenye ebalulekile ohlwini olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni, kusukela ekukhiqizeni amandla kuya ekucutshungulweni kwamakhemikhali. Ukuklama, ukwakhiwa, nokugcinwa kwazo kudinga ukunamathela ngokuqinile ezimisweni zokuphepha, ukukhetha izinto ezibonakalayo, nezimiso zobunjiniyela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwehluleka okuyinhlekelele. Noma ngabe okokugcina amagesi acindezelwe, ukubamba uketshezi lapho kunengcindezi ephakeme, noma ukusiza ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, imikhumbi yokucindezela idlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukusebenza kahle nokuphepha kwezinqubo zezimboni.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-20-2024